2nd Bac Grammar

Unit 2: Grammar: Modals in the Present and Past

Present Modals (الأفعال الناقصة في المضارع)

Ability (القدرة): "I can swim."
Permission (الإذن): "You may use my pen."
Possibility (الاحتمالية): "It might rain today."
Obligation (الإلزام): "You must wear a seatbelt."
Advice (النصيحة): "You should eat more vegetables."

Past Modals (الأفعال الناقصة في الماضي) (modal + have + past participle)

Past Possibility (احتمالية ماضية): "He might have missed the bus."
Regret/Advice (ندم/نصيحة): "You should have studied harder."
Deduction (استنتاج): "The ground is wet. It must have rained."
Lack of Necessity (عدم الضرورة): "You needn't have brought food; we already had plenty."

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