Unit 7: Grammar: Reported Speech (Review and Expansion)

Reported speech is used to tell someone what another person said. To do this, we usually backshift the tenses and change pronouns/time expressions. (الكلام المنقول يُستخدم لنقل ما قاله شخص آخر مع تغيير الأزمنة والضمائر)

The Backshift Rule (قاعدة التراجع الزمني)

Tenses move one step back into the past. *Present Simple Past Simple*

Other Changes (تغييرات أخرى)

Pronouns and time/place words must change to fit the new context. *"now" "then"*

Tense Conversion Chart (جدول تحويل الأزمنة)

Direct: Present Simple Reported: Past Simple Direct: Present Cont. Reported: Past Cont. Direct: Past Simple / Pres. Perf. Reported: Past Perfect Direct: Will / Can Reported: Would / Could

Time & Place Adjustments (تغيير ظروف الزمان والمكان)

Today That day Tomorrow The next day Yesterday The day before Here There

Questions & Commands (الأسئلة والأوامر)

Reporting Questions نقل الأسئلة

Yes/No: "Are you coming?" She asked if/whether I was coming. Wh- Questions: "Where do you live?" He asked where I lived.

Reporting Commands نقل الأوامر

Structure: verb + object + to-infinitive "Open the window!" The teacher told me to open the window. "Don't shout!" She asked us not to shout.

Advanced Reporting Verbs (B2) (أفعال نقل متقدمة)

Verb + -ing Verb + to-inf Verb + obj + to-inf

"Let's go" Suggested going
"I didn't do it" Denied doing
"I'll help" Offered to help
"No, I won't" Refused to go
"Don't touch" Warned me not to touch
"Please stay" Invited us to stay

National Exam Key (مفتاح الامتحان الوطني)

The most common mistake in reporting questions is keeping the question order . Remember: once reported, it is a statement. Incorrect: "He asked me *was I* okay." Correct: "He asked me *if I was* okay." (الخطأ الشائع هو الإبقاء على ترتيب السؤال؛ تذكر أن الجملة المنقولة تصبح جملة خبرية)