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2nd Bac Grammar

Unit 8: Grammar: Linking Words (Connectors)

Connectors are essential for writing coherent essays. They link ideas together to show contrast, addition, cause, or result . At the B1-B2 level, you must master the grammar behind them (which ones are followed by a clause vs. a noun). (أدوات الربط ضرورية لكتابة مقالات متماسكة؛ يجب إتقان القواعد النحوية التي تحكم كل أداة)

Contrast & Concession (التباين والتنازل)

Used to show opposite ideas. *"Although it was raining, we went out."*

Addition (الإضافة)

Used to add more information. *"He is smart. Moreover, he is hardworking."*

Contrast & Concession (التباين والتنازل)

However / Nevertheless

Sentence Linkers Starts a new sentence after a period. Always followed by a comma.

Although / Even though

Clause Followed by [Subject + Verb]. Used to show surprise.

Despite / In spite of

Noun/Gerund Followed by a Noun or Verb+ing. NEVER followed by a clause.

Cause & Effect (Reason/Result) (السبب والنتيجة)

Showing Reason (بيان السبب) " Because / Since / As + Clause (S+V)" " Due to / Because of / Owing to + Noun / V-ing" Showing Result (بيان النتيجة) " Therefore / Consequently / As a result ," (Sentence Linkers) "I was tired, so I went to bed." (Conjunction)

Purpose & Addition (الغاية والإضافة)

Purpose (الغاية) Addition (الإضافة)
  • To / In order to / So as to + Infinitive
  • So that + Subject + Modal (can/will/could)
  • Moreover / Furthermore / In addition, ...
  • In addition to / Besides + Noun/V-ing

National Exam Key: The Rewrite Rule (قاعدة إعادة الصياغة في الامتحان)

A common exam task is converting "Although" to "Despite" . • *Example:* "Although he was ill , he went to work." (Adj) • *Change to:* "Despite his illness , he went to work." (Noun) Always check if you need to change the adjective into a noun or use the *"Despite the fact that..."* trick! (تأكد من تحويل الصفة إلى اسم عند التحويل بين Although و Despite)

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